Obstetrics

http://www.einstein.yu.edu - Dr. Judy Aschner discusses the high rate of premature births in the U.S. and how being born late-preterm and early-term—previous...  

Instant anatomy is a specialised web site for you to learn all about human anatomy of the body with diagrams, podcasts and revision questions  

Instant anatomy is a specialised web site for you to learn all about human anatomy of the body with diagrams, podcasts and revision questions  

Maternal deaths have fallen worldwide, dropping by 45% since 1990, according to new figures.  

Stormont's spending watchdog questions whether the high number of caesarean sections in Northern Ireland's hospitals is to save time rather than money.  

Rates of preterm births and paediatric hospital admissions for asthma fell by 10% within a year of smoke-free legislation taking effect, says a systematic review and meta-analysis on the issue.1  

Doctor denies charge of female genital mutilation: The first doctor in the United Kingdom to be charged with female genital mutilation will plead not guilty when he appears at Southwark Crown Court on 2 May, lawyers have said. Dhanuson Dharmasena, a registrar in obstetrics and gynaecology at the Whittington Hospital in north London, is alleged to have repaired the genital mutilation that had previously been carried out, and Hasan Mohamed, who is not a doctor, is charged with encouraging the doctor and aiding and abetting the offence.1  

http://www.usmlesuccess.net A look at the way by which males and females develop their genitalia while in utero - very high-yield USMLE material. Grab your F...  

Julian T. Parer, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine; Associate Staff, Cardiovascular Research Institute, San Francisco, California (Vol 3, Chap 58)  

Labor and Delivery - Normal Uterine Contractions with Fetal Monitoring Strip. Depicts a relaxed uterus and dilated cervix followed by a contracted uterus. The third image shows a relaxed uterus. The fourth image shows the uterus contracting, and squeezing the baby toward the birth canal. The fifth and sixth illustrations picture a fetal monitor and its printout, graph with contractions and recovery periods.  

Chromosomal Abnormalities Chromosomal abnormalities are a very common cause of spontaneous miscarriage. Most commonly a child with a chromosomal abnormality will not survive to birth. However, there are many cases where the child will survive, although often they have severe disability in life. The normal rate of miscarriage in the general population is 15%. Miscarriage does not become statistically significant unless one particular woman has >3 instances.  

The normal position of the uterus is anteverted. In this position, the uterus is concave on the side of the bladder, and bends round to sit just above and behind the bladder.   In a retroverted uterus, the uterus instead bends ‘backwards’ so that the concave side is posterior. About 20-30% of women have a retroverted uterus.   Clinical features  

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are different stages of the same condition. Pre-eclampsia can result in eclampsia at any time. Eclampsia is immediately life-threatening and often symptomatic.   Pre-eclampsia is a condition characterised by increased blood pressure, proteinuria and often oedema during pregnancy. It is typically asymptomatic, and occurs after 20 weeks, although it rarely presents before 32 weeks – but when it does, it is associated with a worse prognosis.  

When we talk about cervical cancer, we are normally referring to squamous cell carcinoma.   Cervical cancer is a bit complicated. There are normal physiological changes that occur to the cervix, as well as pre-cancerous changes, and cervical cancer itself, which can alter the appearance and histology of the cervix.   Normal physiological changes  

 Definition Implantation of conceptious outside uterine cavity When Women in reproductive age present with pelvic pain and positive pregnancy test à Ectopic pregnancy until proven otherwise   Incidence 20:1000 pregnancies Increasing from 11:1000 pregnancies  

This means difficulty during labour. It occurs in about 1% of deliveries. Breech presentation can cause dystocia.   Aetiology Diabetes mellitus Fetal macrosomia -  - often caused by maternal diabetes Maternal obesity  

Resistance to insulin is a normal physiological response in pregnancy, thought to be induced by maternal hormones.  However, in some women, this is severe enough to result in gestational diabetes. In these women, there is reduced ability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance.   Gestation diabetes is defined as - Any hyperglycaemia with first onset or presentation during pregnancy    

This is an inflammatory condition (often secondary to infection), affecting any part of the higher female reproductive system, e.g.; uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries. Salpingitis – this term is sometimes used interchangeably with PID, but technically only refers to inflammation in the fallopian tubes. Endometritis   Risk factors STD: Young age (16-24)  

Three types of operation: Abdominal – TAH – Total Abdominal Hysterectomy This is the most common form of surgery performed in the UK Vaginal – VH – Vaginal HyesterectomyLaparoscopic – LAVH – Laparoscopically assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy  

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