Urology

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Useful questions to go over when studying kidney function and associated problems and treatments.  

Oliguria in a Post-Operative Patient.  

The diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in young children is important as a marker for urinary tract abnormalities. It may be associated with life-threatening...  

Very good case in showing a frequently overlooked issue of diuretics. Remember, there is almost never a reason to give both fluids and diuretics...make up your mind. IV fluids are the #1 method to try in oliguric pts NOT Lasix.Do not agree with Foley cath placement if patient is able to urinate and can check creatinine to know pt is improving. Any catheter is a foreign body and increases infection risk.It is also very uncomfortable for patients.Not sure why U/S of kidney needed right away either unless the patient has chronic kidney disease or does not improve with fluids.Unnecessary tests add to the expense of healthcare which all of us pay for. This increases insurance costs, medicaid costs, etc so much it can put companies (and gov't in the future?) out of business.  

Epidemiological studies of acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute-on-chronic renal failure (ACRF) are surprisingly sparse and confounded by differences in definition. Reported incidences vary, with few studies being population-based. Given this and our aging population, the incidence of AKI may be much higher than currently thought. We tested the hypothesis that the incidence is higher by including all patients with AKI (in a geographical population base of 523,390) regardless of whether they required renal replacement therapy irrespective of the hospital setting in which they were treated. We also tested the hypothesis that the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage Kidney (RIFLE) classification predicts outcomes. We identified all patients with serum creatinine concentrations ≥150 μmol/L (male) or ≥130μmol/L (female) over a 6-mo period in 2003. Clinical outcomes were obtained from each patient's case records. The incidences of AKI and ACRF were 1811 and 336 per million population, respectively. Median age was 76 yr for AKI and 80.5 yr for ACRF. Sepsis was a precipitating factor in 47% of patients. The RIFLE classification was useful for predicting full recovery of renal function (P < 0.001), renal replacement therapy requirement (P < 0.001), length of hospital stay [excluding those who died during admission (P < 0.001)], and in-hospital mortality (P = 0.035). RIFLE did not predict mortality at 90 d or 6 mo. Thus the incidence of AKI is much higher than previously thought, with implications for service planning and providing information to colleagues about methods to prevent deterioration of renal function. The RIFLE classification is useful for identifying patients at greatest risk of adverse short-term outcomes.  

Shotgun Histology Prostate  

The first clinical trial of uterus transplantation in the United States has begun at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio.  

 

Review article  

Video tutorial on acute renal failure outlining the definition, important causes, presentation and basic management.  

Video tutorial on the basics of renal failure.  

Kidneys are a regulatory organ that excrete of waste products. This is with a high rate of blood flow, filtration and reabsorption.  

Diagnosis and Management of Bladder Cancer  

From a talk I gave on male reproductive system problems. Includes benign and malignant prostate disease, bits on erectile dysfunction and other bits and pieces. Hope it helps !  

Shotgun Histology Kidney  

Shotgun Histology Testis  

Professor Saltzman introduces the basic concepts of renal physiology. Professor Saltzman first introduces the function and anatomy of the kidney. Special attention is given to the cell types and structural aspect of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Filtration, secretion of toxic waste, and reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients through the glomerulus and various segments of the nephrons is discussed in detail. Finally, Professor Saltzman describes glomerular filtration rate as a function of pressure drop, which is regulated by afferent and efferent arterioles, to control how much volume being filtered through glomerulus.  

When we talk about cervical cancer, we are normally referring to squamous cell carcinoma.   Cervical cancer is a bit complicated. There are normal physiological changes that occur to the cervix, as well as pre-cancerous changes, and cervical cancer itself, which can alter the appearance and histology of the cervix.   Normal physiological changes  

http://www.handwrittentutorials.com - This video is the first in a series about the Anatomy of the Kidney. This tutorial explores the gross anatomy of a cut ...