Joints

 

Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland. March 2010. Website http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/media/article.php?id=128 "In recent years, the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland has significantly reduced the length of time people are waiting to receive orthopaedic procedures such as hip replacements and knee operations. Over 95% of patients are now treated within 26 weeks of referral, compared to only 66% in 2003. But there is scope to make savings by working more efficiently. An Audit Scotland report, Review of orthopaedic services, says there is high demand for these services. Orthopaedic care is particularly important for older people, who have the highest rates of fractures and joint replacement."  

Knee injuries are common and of emergency appartment acute injury admissions, the knee is the joint most often affected. This talk focuses on the injuries most often experienced by professional sportsmen. It provides an interesting environment from which to learn about injuries we are all likely to see if we work in A+E. The talk covers knee anatomy, common signs and symptoms of knee injuries, how to examine the knee and general management of the injuries.  

Raymond G Buick FRCS 9 mins  

Anatomy tutorial for medical students covering joints, bones and foramena of the skull - 16 mins  

A slideshow on The Pelvis - Bones and Joints  

Margaret attempts to perform a GALS screen.  

Teaches you how to recognise an elbow joint effusion on lateral radiographs by identifying displaced elbow fat pads. Includes a description of the sail sign and posterior fat pad sign.  

This image is part of our online anatomy trainer. We are happy to share it with the meducation community. Stop worrying about learning anatomy and start doing it the efficient way. Sign up at [www.kenhub.com](https://www.kenhub.com "www.kenhub.com") to pass your next anatomy exam with ease.  

This quiz covers indications, complications and blood products. Information from NICE guidelines, JPAC website (joint UK blood transfusion and tissue transplantation) and oxford handbook of clinical medicine.  

A short animation representing a major cause for TMJ deviation. This animation is created by me using 3DS Max, and Maya.  

The typical thoracic vertebra has a heart-shaped body (Figure 1) bearing one or two facets for articulation with the head of a rib. Its vertebral foramen is smaller and more circular than those of the cervical and lumbar regions. The two pedicles bear long and strong transverse processes. It articulates with its neighbouring vertebra with articular processes that bear nearly vertical facets facing (superior) posteriorly and (inferior) anteriorly. Its spinous process is long and slopes posteroinferiorly so that its tip overlies the level of the vertebral body below. Figure 1The typical lumbar vertebra has a larger kidney-shaped body and its vertebral foramen is larger than that of the thoracic vertebra (Figure 2). Its transverse processes are long and slender and its articular processes are directed (superior) posteromedially and (inferior) anterolaterally. Its spinous process is shorter, broader and more horizontal than those of the thoracic vertebrae.Figure 2Joints and ligaments of the vertebraeJoints: the articular surfaces of the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are covered by hyaline cartilage and united by a thick fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc. These are strong cartilaginous joints designed for weight-bearing. The disc is a shock absorber, its centre, the nucleus pulposus, is gelatinous and surrounded by a fibrous part, the annulus fibrosus. Adjacent vertebrae articulate by two synovial facet joints between the paired articular processes.  

 

A 3D anatomy tutorial on the shoulder joint using the Zygote Body Browser.  

Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition which affects the skin and joints. It is sometimes referred to as one of the spondyloarthritides (inflammatory arthritis that is seronegative for rheumatoid factor (and/or does not fit the criteria for diagnosis as RA)).   Definitions  

Monoarthritis This is a neuropathic arthropathy it is a progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint – usually in the ankle. There is usually bone destruction, remodelling and resorption, with ultimately results in deformity. Usually gradual slow onset Can also result in ulceration  

Osteoarthritis is a condition that results from the loss of cartilage at synovial joints, and is often accompanied by degeneration of the underlying bone.   Radiologically there are: osteophytes Joint space narrowing   Epidemiology most common type of arthritis 80% people >60 will have some radiographic features  

Spondyloarthritides (aka spondyarthritis, SpA, seronegative spondylarthropathy) – these are inflammatory joint diseases of the vertebral column and sacro-iliac joints. These conditions tend to mimic rheumatoid conditions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), but are serologically different, as rheumatoid factor is usually negative.  

Fibromyalgia is a non-specific muscular disorder of unknown origin. It primarily affects insertions of tendons and associated soft tissues and presents with dull aching pains. It is much more common in women.  Epidemiology and Aetiology Cause is unknown Affects muscles rather than joints – although can often feel like joint pain Peak age of onset: 40-50 years M:F ratio 1:9  Pathology