WeightsAndMeasures

Metabolic syndrome and obesity are attaining epidemic proportions worldwide. This PPT shows the link between the two, their aetiology, the pathophysiology and what simple measures could be used in managing the conditions.  

this file will tell about neonatal jaundice causes, differentiating feature of physiological and pathological jaundice,scale used to measure it, therapy used to treat it.  

Professor Saltzman continues his description of nephron anatomy, and the specific role of each part of the nephron in establishing concentration gradients to help in secretion and reabsorption of water, ions, nutrients and wastes. A number of molecular transport processes that produces urine from the initial ultra-filtrate, such as passive diffusion by concentration difference, osmosis, and active transport with sodium-potassium ATPase, are listed. Next, Professor Saltzman describes a method to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using tracer molecule, inulin. He then talks about regulation of sodium, an important ion for cell signaling in the body, as an example to demonstrate the different ways in which nephrons maintain homeostasis.  

Risk Factors and Preventive Measures of Congestive Heart Failure and Aortic Stenosis Incidence of congestive heart failure in the UK in 2011.  

A key measure of hospital death rates should be ignored, according to the expert who is leading the NHS review into them.  

Much of the follow-up of pregnant women is carried out in the community, by midwifes at primary health care centres. The risk of death from pregnancy in the UK is roughly 1 in 20 000. Antenatal care is as much about educating women about pregnancy, childbirth and child care, as it is about providing for actual medical needs, particularly in the case of a first pregnancy. The exact measures will differ between NHS trusts, but below is a general outline of the type of care provided in pregnancy.    

The task of maintaining an adequate interstitial homeostasis (the proper nutritional environment surrounding all cells in your body) requires that blood flows almost continuously through each of the millions of capillaries in the body. The following is a brief description of the parameters that govern flow through a given vessel. All bloods vessels have certain lengths (L) and internal radii (r) through which blood flows when the pressure in the inlet and outlet are unequal (Pi and Po respectively); in other words there is a pressure difference (ΔP) between the vessel ends, which supplies the driving force for flow. Because friction develops between moving blood and the stationary vessels walls, this fluid movement has a given resistance (vascular), which is the measure of how difficult it is to move blood through a vessel. One can then describe a relative relationship between vascular flow, the pressure difference, and resistance (i.e., the basic flow equation):  

Lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand. Elastance measures the work that has to be exerted by the muscles of inspiration to expand the lungs. Factors affecting these are discussed here.  

Accessing, undergoing, and achieving a successful outcome from surgery for “severe and complex obesity” is difficult and requires determination and effort. Here, we consider “severe and complex obesity” to mean that an individual’s health is compromised by his or her weight to the extent that surgery can be considered to be an appropriate option.1 Surgery may be offered to adults with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥40, or a BMI of ≥35 with an obesity related disease, and it can be very successful. An average 50% of excess weight may be lost in the first few years after surgery, and if this is sustained it is associated with long term reduction in overall mortality and decreased incidences of diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer.1 2 This treatment, however, requires careful consideration and serious commitment, with the need to demonstrate full engagement in a structured weight loss programme, to have tried all appropriate non-invasive measures of weight loss, and persevered for referral to a specialist surgical team.1 Once surgery is approved it is necessary to choose which operation to undergo.  

Accessing, undergoing, and achieving a successful outcome from surgery for “severe and complex obesity” is difficult and requires determination and effort. Here, we consider “severe and complex obesity” to mean that an individual’s health is compromised by his or her weight to the extent that surgery can be considered to be an appropriate option.1 Surgery may be offered to adults with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥40, or a BMI of ≥35 with an obesity related disease, and it can be very successful. An average 50% of excess weight may be lost in the first few years after surgery, and if this is sustained it is associated with long term reduction in overall mortality and decreased incidences of diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer.1 2 This treatment, however, requires careful consideration and serious commitment, with the need to demonstrate full engagement in a structured weight loss programme, to have tried all appropriate non-invasive measures of weight loss, and persevered for referral to a specialist surgical team.1 Once surgery is approved it is necessary to choose which operation to undergo.  

Globalization of medicine is increasing, as manifested by the growing number of migrating doctors an  

Diabetes is a worldwide epidemic, and associated neuropathy is its most costly and disabling complication. Given the rising prevalence of painful diabetic neuropathy, it is increasingly important that we understand the best ways to diagnose and treat this condition. Diagnostic tests in this field are evolving rapidly. These include the use of skin biopsies to measure small unmyelinated fibers, as well as even newer techniques that can measure both small unmyelinated fibers and large myelinated fibers in the same biopsy. The main treatments for painful diabetic neuropathy remain management of the underlying diabetes and drugs for the relief of pain. However, emerging evidence points to major differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including the ability of glycemic control to prevent neuropathy. Enhanced glucose control is much more effective at preventing neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes than in those with type 2 disease. This dichotomy emphasizes the need to study the pathophysiologic differences between the two types of diabetes, because different treatments may be needed for each condition. The impact of the metabolic syndrome on neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes may account for the difference between the two types of diabetes and requires further study. Finally, neuropathic pain is under-recognized and undertreated despite an ever evolving list of effective drugs. Evidence exists to support several drugs, but the optimal sequence and combination of these drugs are still to be determined.